Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering

Course objectives
1. Understand basic electrical quantities — voltage, current, resistance, power, and energy — and apply Ohm's law 2. Apply Kirchhoff's laws and simple network theorems to analyse DC circuits 3. Understand AC circuits and the concept of power factor in electrical systems 4. Learn how transformers work and how they are used in everyday power supplies and energy distribution 5. Understand electrical machines (DC and AC motors) and relate them to emerging applications, solar PV system and safety aspects

Course content
Unit I – Basic Electrical Quantities and DC Circuits: Electric charge, current, voltage, EMF, resistance; Ohm's law; resistors in series and parallel; voltage divider and current divider; power and energy in a DC circuit; Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL); simple mesh and nodal analysis; Thevenin's theorem (concept and simple problem AC Circuits: Generation of AC voltage; sinusoidal waveform — peak, RMS, and average values; form factor; phasor representation (simple); AC through pure R, pure L, pure C; series RL and RC circuits; impedance; active power (P), reactive power (Q), apparent power (S); power factor (PF); power factor improvement using capacitors; measurement of power in single-phase AC circuit using wattmeter. Three-Phase Systems: Advantages of three-phase supply over single-phase; generation of balanced three-phase voltage; star (Y) and delta (Δ) connections; phase and line voltages and currents; power in balanced three-phase circuits; two- wattmeter method for power measurement; concept of neutral wire Magnetic Circuits, Transformers: Magnetic flux, flux density, MMF, reluctance; simple series magnetic circuit; Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction; self-inductance and mutual inductance; principle of operation of single-phase transformer; EMF equation; ideal transformer — voltage ratio, current ratio, turns ratio; basic equivalent circuit of single phase transformer, losses (core and copper), efficiency Electrical Machines and Emerging Electrical Systems: DC motor — principle, back EMF, torque, speed control concept; Types of DC motors and their application; BLDC motor — basic concept and applications , three-phase induction motor — rotating magnetic field, slip, torque; Application of three phase induction motors, introduction to solar photovoltaic (PV) system- Single diode model, current-voltage characteristics, PV characteristics, electrical safety in laboratory