Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering

Course objectives
1. Understand p-n junction diode behaviour and apply it in rectifier and voltage regulator circuits 2. Understand BJT and MOSFET as switches and amplifiers in digital and analog circuits 3. Understand operational amplifier characteristics and use it in basic signal conditioning circuits 4. Understand digital logic gates, Boolean algebra, and basic combinational circuits 5. Relate electronics fundamentals to real products — microcontrollers, IoT devices, smartphones, and embedded systems

Course content
Diodes and Power Supply Circuits: p-n junction — concept of depletion layer, forward and reverse bias; ideal diode vs real diode; V-I characteristics; diode as a switch; half-wave and full-wave bridge rectifier; filter capacitor; Zener diode — Zener breakdown, voltage regulator circuit; LED — working and current-limiting resistor; applications: USB charger rectifier, 5V/3.3V regulated supply for Arduino/Raspberry Pi, LED indicators in electronics products Transistors as Switches and Amplifiers: Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) — Construction & VI characteristics of BJT, NPN and PNP, three regions of operation (cut-off, active, saturation); BJT as a switch (digital control of relay, buzzer, motor); BJT as a common-emitter amplifier (concept and gain); Introduction to FETs, MOSFET — N-channel MOSFET, gate-source voltage, MOSFET as a switch; why MOSFET is preferred in digital ICs and power electronics; applications: transistor switch for driving a relay in home automation, MOSFET in motor speed control (PWM concept), transistor in class-A amplifier for audio Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp): Ideal op-amp characteristics — infinite gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance; practical characteristics of 741 IC, inverting amplifier — voltage gain formula; non-inverting amplifier — gain formula; voltage follower (buffer); summing amplifier; comparator — op-amp as comparator, threshold detection; applications: sensor signal amplification (temperature, light, pressure), audio amplifier, automatic night lamp comparator circuit, differential amplifier for ECG/EEG front-end (concept) Digital Electronics Basics: Number systems — binary, decimal, hexadecimal (conversion only); logic levels (HIGH/LOW, 0/1); basic logic gates — AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR with truth tables; Boolean algebra — basic laws and De Morgan's theorems; k-map (upto 4 variables), half adder and full adder (truth table and logic diagram); multiplexer concept; flip-flop — SR and D flip-flop (concept only); applications: binary addition in CPU ALU, MUX in data routing, digital signals in microcontroller I/O, basics of PLA / PLD devices. Electronic Systems and Emerging Applications: Microcontroller overview — what is a microcontroller, GPIO pins, ADC- ADC types – digital ramp type & flash type ADC, PWM (concept only, not programming); communication interfaces — UART, SPI, I2C (what they do, not detailed protocol); sensors and signal chain — sensor → conditioning (op-amp) → ADC → microcontroller; wireless communication basics — Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee (concept); power management in electronics — LDO regulator, DC-DC converter (concept); applications: IoT weather station, smart home sensor node, wearable health device, EV battery management system (BMS) electronics overview